Peptency Academy · Studies
Study database
Every study cited in the Academy with its design, model, molecule and year. Molecule match says whether a paper studied the exact catalog molecule, a related form or a different molecule, or that the match is not established yet.
StudiesAcademyStudy database138 studies
Showing 138 of 138 studies
Human, randomisedAm J Cardiovasc Drugs 2026
Change in left ventricular ejection fraction at 1 month (primary endpoint), NT-proBNP and clinical events
- Design
- Single centre randomised placebo-controlled trial
- Population or model
- adults with heart failure due to ischaemic cardiomyopathy
- Molecule
- NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact
- n
- 180
Cited on NAD+
Human, randomisedLaryngoscope 2026
Hearing threshold change (pure tone average), recovery rate and recovery time
- Design
- Randomised double-blind controlled trial
- Population or model
- patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss
- Molecule
- NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact
- n
- 38
Cited on NAD+
Analytical only (no biological model)J Pharm Biomed Anal 2026
Screening and confirmation of GHRH, its analogues and the main sermorelin metabolite in urine by nano-LC quadrupole Orbitrap MS
- Design
- Analytical method validation
- Population or model
- urine
- Molecule
- Sermorelin/CJC-1293, tesamorelin, CJC-1295 and the sermorelin metabolite exact
Cited on Sermorelin
RodentJ Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2026
LC-MS/MS quantitation of tirzepatide in rat plasma, and its plasma kinetics in rats
- Design
- LC-MS/MS method development and validation, applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats
- Population or model
- rat plasma
- Molecule
- Tirzepatide (LY3298176) exact
Cited on Tirzepatide
Human, randomisedNat Metab 2026
Blood NAD+ and its metabolites, and gut microbial metabolism ex vivo
- Design
- Randomised open-label placebo-controlled study of three precursors
- Population or model
- healthy adults
- Molecule
- NR, NMN and nicotinamide (NAD+ precursors) different molecule
- n
- 65
Cited on NAD+
In vitro or ex vivoCell Commun Signal 2026
Binding of BPC-157 to FBXO22, BACH1 ubiquitination and protein levels, endothelial proliferation and tube formation
- Design
- Protein interaction, ubiquitination and cell function assays, including a proline 3 substitution
- Population or model
- vascular endothelial cells
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
Cited on BPC-157
Other animalEur J Pharmacol 2026
Neutrophil and macrophage migration, cytokine expression, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species and SOD activity
- Design
- Zebrafish larvae models with copper sulfate or LPS
- Population or model
- zebrafish larvae
- Molecule
- GHK-Cu (copper(II) complex of Gly-His-Lys) exact
Cited on GHK-Cu
Other animalBiogerontology 2026
Survival curves, oxidative and heat stress assays, mitochondrial membrane potential and DAF-16 and SKN-1 pathway markers
- Design
- Nematode survival and stress assays
- Population or model
- Caenorhabditis elegans
- Molecule
- GHK-Cu (copper(II) complex of Gly-His-Lys) exact
Cited on GHK-Cu
Analytical only (no biological model)Pharm Res 2026
Secondary structure (FT-IR, circular dichroism), thermal events (DSC, hot-stage microscopy) and degradation products (RP-HPLC, LC-HRMS) of solid semaglutide under thermal stress
- Design
- Analytical stability study under thermal stress
- Population or model
- none (chemistry and analytical)
- Molecule
- semaglutide exact
Cited on Semaglutide
In vitro or ex vivoJ Clin Med 2026
Contraction and relaxation of artery rings, and the contribution of endothelial nitric oxide
- Design
- Organ bath concentration response curves with and without endothelium and with L-NAME
- Population or model
- residual internal mammary artery segments from 12 bypass operations (human tissue ex vivo, not a study in people)
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
- n
- 12
Cited on BPC-157
RodentRedox Biol 2026
Cell uptake through LAT1, Nrf2 signalling and lung injury measures for R13A-MOTS-c
- Design
- Cell uptake assays and mouse radiation lung injury model with an engineered analogue
- Population or model
- MLE-12 cells; C57BL/6 mice after thoracic irradiation
- Molecule
- R13A-MOTS-c (arginine 13 replaced by alanine), an engineered analogue related form
Cited on MOTS-c
RodentAutophagy 2026
Flap blood flow perfusion, histology, lysosomal membrane permeability, autophagy and pyroptosis markers and PLA2G4A signalling after MOTS-c
- Design
- Mouse ischaemic skin flap model with RNA sequencing, histology and endothelial cell work
- Population or model
- C57BL mice (MeSH); human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Molecule
- MOTS-c (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) exact
Cited on MOTS-c
RodentSci Rep 2026
Serum oxidative stress markers, apoptosis and inflammation gene expression, and muscle histology
- Design
- Randomised four group animal study of lower limb ischaemia and reperfusion
- Population or model
- male Wistar albino rats
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
- n
- 24
Cited on BPC-157
RodentRes Sq 2026Preprint
Spatial learning task, hippocampal immunohistochemistry and bulk RNA sequencing
- Design
- Animal study (preprint)
- Population or model
- aged C57BL/6J mice (20 to 21 months)
- Molecule
- GHK-Cu (copper(II) complex of Gly-His-Lys) exact
Cited on GHK-Cu
Human, randomisedLancet 2026
Change in HbA1c from baseline to week 40 (primary) and adverse events
- Design
- Phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled
- Population or model
- adults with HbA1c of 7.0 to 9.5 percent on diet and exercise alone, 48 sites in the USA, Mexico and India
- Molecule
- retatrutide (LY3437943) exact
- n
- 537
Cited on Retatrutide
RodentExp Physiol 2026
NLRP3 inflammasome proteins in left ventricular tissue and plasma cytokines in rats given MOTS-c
- Design
- Rat model with plasma and heart tissue analysis
- Population or model
- streptozotocin-induced rat model
- Molecule
- MOTS-c (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) exact
Cited on MOTS-c
In vitro or ex vivoInflamm Regen 2026
AMPK signalling, proliferation and senescence genes in human mesenchymal stromal cells exposed to MOTS-c, and kidney perfusion and injury in mice given pretreated cells
- Design
- Human cell culture and mouse renal artery stenosis model
- Population or model
- human mesenchymal stromal cells from 12 donors; mouse model of renal artery stenosis
- Molecule
- MOTS-c (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) exact
Cited on MOTS-c
Human, uncontrolledExp Physiol 2026
Plasma humanin, MOTS-c and SHMOOSE measured by in-house ELISA in the three study groups
- Design
- Exercise study in three groups (adults with cerebral palsy, typically developing adults and adolescents); MOTS-c was measured, not given
- Population or model
- adults with cerebral palsy and typically developing adults and adolescents
- Molecule
- Endogenous MOTS-c, measured in participants, not given related form
Cited on MOTS-c
RodentExp Mol Med 2026
Olfactory stem cell differentiation markers and olfactory tissue gene expression
- Design
- Cell culture and mouse model study
- Population or model
- mice with chemically induced anosmia, plus cultured human olfactory stem cells
- Molecule
- NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact
Cited on NAD+
RodentBehav Brain Res 2026
Learning and memory tasks, hippocampal cytokines, BDNF, CREB and AKT expression, Tau protein and brain histology
- Design
- Controlled rat study with four groups
- Population or model
- male Sprague-Dawley rats, streptozotocin-induced insulin-deficient model
- Molecule
- retatrutide (LY3437943) exact
Cited on Retatrutide
Analytical only (no biological model)Pharm Res 2026
LC-MS impurity profiles, peptide presentation on donor dendritic cells (MAPPs), photostability and fibrillation of follow-on and compounded samples
- Design
- Comparative analytical study of marketed follow-on and compounded samples against the originator, plus an in vitro peptide presentation assay
- Population or model
- Follow-on drug substances and follow-on or compounded drug products from 36 suppliers; dendritic cells from healthy donors for MAPPs
- Molecule
- semaglutide exact
Cited on Semaglutide, Impurity profiles of compounded and follow-on semaglutide: a 2026 LC-MS study
RodentJt Dis Relat Surg 2026
Tendon load to failure, histology scores and collagen type I and III staining at four weeks
- Design
- Randomised four group animal study: control, BPC-157, synthetic thymosin beta 4 (written TB-500 in the paper) and both
- Population or model
- male Sprague-Dawley rats after Achilles tendon transection and repair
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
- n
- 32
Analytical only (no biological model)Drug Alcohol Rev 2026
Identity by molecular mass and peptide content per vial
- Design
- Laboratory analysis of products (letter)
- Population or model
- three products sold as retatrutide in Australia
- Molecule
- retatrutide (LY3437943) exact
- n
- 3
Cited on Retatrutide, Products sold as retatrutide in Australia: content against the label
Analytical only (no biological model)J Chromatogr A 2026
LC-HRMS identification and quantitation of nine GLP-1 receptor agonist peptides, tirzepatide among them
- Design
- Analytical method development and validation (LC-HRMS with HRMS/MS fragmentation), applied to marketed formulations
- Population or model
- none (chemistry and analytical)
- Molecule
- Tirzepatide (LY3298176) exact
Cited on Tirzepatide
RodentElife 2026
Bacterial membrane measurements after MOTS-c exposure, MOTS-c expression in monocytes and bacterial counts in a mouse peritonitis model
- Design
- Antibacterial assays, monocyte and macrophage cell work, mouse peritonitis model
- Population or model
- E. coli and MRSA; human monocytes; primary mouse monocytes; mice with acute peritonitis
- Molecule
- MOTS-c (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) exact
Cited on MOTS-c
RodentiScience 2026
Renal fibrosis and inflammation markers, PI3K-AKT and NF-kB pathway activity, and G2/M arrest in the aging model
- Design
- Cell and mouse comparison with semaglutide and tirzepatide
- Population or model
- HK-2 kidney cells; mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and aging models
- Molecule
- retatrutide (LY3437943) exact
Cited on Retatrutide, Tirzepatide
Analytical only (no biological model)Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2026
LC-HRMS detection of intact retatrutide in plasma and urine, limits of detection and the plasma time course
- Design
- LC-HRMS method development and validation to WADA criteria, with plasma and urine time courses
- Population or model
- human plasma and urine samples from 4 individuals
- Molecule
- retatrutide (LY3437943) exact
- n
- 4
Cited on Retatrutide
Human, randomisedLancet 2026
The primary endpoint at week 80 as registered (NCT05929079), glycaemic measures and adverse events
- Design
- Phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group (TRIUMPH-2)
- Population or model
- adults with HbA1c of 6.5 to 10.5 percent, 92 centres in eight countries
- Molecule
- retatrutide (LY3437943) exact
- n
- 1152
Cited on Retatrutide
Human, randomisedN Engl J Med 2026
The primary endpoints as registered (NCT05929066)
- Design
- Phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled (TRIUMPH-1)
- Population or model
- adults, with knee osteoarthritis and obstructive sleep apnea subsets
- Molecule
- retatrutide (LY3437943) exact
- n
- 2339
Cited on Retatrutide
Other animalDrug Test Anal 2025
Endogenous thymosin beta 4 concentration in racing horse blood; effect of sample storage; a synthesis impurity marker
- Design
- Population study of endogenous levels plus detection strategy
- Population or model
- horse (other animal)
- Molecule
- endogenous equine thymosin beta 4 related form
Cited on TB-500
Human, uncontrolledAltern Ther Health Med 2025
Blood panels for heart, liver, kidney and thyroid markers and blood glucose, and vital signs
- Design
- Pilot study, 2 participants, no control group
- Population or model
- 2 adults at a private clinic in Florida
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
- n
- 2
Cited on BPC-157
RodentRedox Biol 2025
Nuclear transport of MOTS-c with MYH9, binding at antioxidant gene promoters and lung injury measures in rats
- Design
- Rat lung ischaemia reperfusion model, endothelial cell work, human serum cohort after cardiopulmonary bypass
- Population or model
- rat lung ischaemia reperfusion models; endothelial cells
- Molecule
- MOTS-c (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) exact
Cited on MOTS-c
In vitro or ex vivoNaunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2025
Force of contraction and beating rate, with a glucagon receptor antagonist and a protein kinase A inhibitor
- Design
- Isolated organ pharmacology
- Population or model
- isolated left and right atrial preparations from adult CD1 mice
- Molecule
- retatrutide (LY3437943) exact
Cited on Retatrutide
Analytical only (no biological model)ACS Synth Biol 2025
Activity half-life of free and tethered NAD+ at 37 and 100 degrees C
- Design
- Stability study of free and silica nanoparticle tethered NAD+ in solution
- Population or model
- none (chemistry and analytical)
- Molecule
- NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact
Cited on NAD+
RodentFront Pharmacol 2025
Colon histology, tight junction proteins, cytokines and SIRT1 and STAT3 signalling
- Design
- Mouse colitis model plus macrophage and colon epithelial cell co-culture
- Population or model
- BALB/c mice, DSS colitis; mouse peritoneal macrophages and colonic epithelial cells
- Molecule
- GHK-Cu (copper(II) complex of Gly-His-Lys) exact
Cited on GHK-Cu
Human, randomisedMed Sci Sports Exerc 2025
Circulating and skeletal muscle MOTS-c and FGF21 before and after immobilisation with heat or sham exposure
- Design
- Randomised heat or sham exposure study during ankle immobilisation; MOTS-c was measured, not given
- Population or model
- physically active men
- Molecule
- Endogenous MOTS-c, measured in participants, not given related form
- n
- 19
Cited on MOTS-c
Analytical only (no biological model)Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2025
Residual TFA by 19F NMR, HPLC with ELSD and FT-IR, and LC-UV purity before and after exchange to chloride
- Design
- Analytical method validation and counterion exchange study
- Population or model
- Synthetic model peptides and cell penetrating peptides
- Molecule
- synthetic model peptides different molecule
Cited on The four questions a peptide CoA must answer, HPLC purity explained
RodentAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2025
ALT, hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol, hepatic inflammatory markers and liver gene expression
- Design
- Mouse model development plus a vehicle-controlled intervention
- Population or model
- C57BL/6N mice, 31-day diet-induced steatohepatitis model
- Molecule
- retatrutide (LY3437943) exact
Cited on Retatrutide
Human, randomisedCardiovasc Res 2025
Infarct area by imaging at 90 days in the trial
- Design
- Mouse and cell work plus a randomised, placebo controlled, double blind trial
- Population or model
- mouse; cardiomyocyte lines; human randomised: adults after ST elevation myocardial infarction
- Molecule
- recombinant thymosin beta 4 (NL005) related form
- n
- 96
Cited on TB-500
In vitro or ex vivoACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2025
Gelation, cell migration and corneal epithelium in a hydrogel built from a Nap-YpYY-TB500 precursor
- Design
- Materials study with cell assays and an animal model
- Population or model
- human corneal cells in vitro; alkali burn model
- Molecule
- a peptide with the sequence LKKTETQ inside a larger conjugate related form
Cited on TB-500
Human, randomisedN Engl J Med 2025
Composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction or stroke, tirzepatide compared with dulaglutide (noninferiority design)
- Design
- Phase 3, randomised 1:1, double-blind, active comparator noninferiority trial (SURPASS-CVOT)
- Population or model
- adults with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, eligibility as registered in NCT04255433
- Molecule
- Tirzepatide (LY3298176) exact
- n
- 13299
PubMed 41406444DOIcomment exchange: PubMed CommentIn (6)
Cited on Tirzepatide
Human, randomisedGeroscience 2024
Safety and change in a cognition score (MoCA, primary outcome); blood NAD+ as a secondary outcome
- Design
- Randomised placebo-controlled pilot
- Population or model
- older adults with mild cognitive impairment
- Molecule
- nicotinamide riboside (NR), an NAD+ precursor different molecule
- n
- 20
Cited on NAD+
RodentJ Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024
Metabolites of Ac-LKKTETQ in human serum in vitro, enzyme systems and rat urine; cytotoxicity and scratch assays in fibroblasts
- Design
- Analytical method development plus in vitro metabolism and rat urine metabolite study
- Population or model
- human serum and enzyme systems in vitro; rat; fibroblast cell assays
- Molecule
- Ac-LKKTETQ (thymosin beta 4, 17 to 23) different molecule
Cited on TB-500
Human, uncontrolledGenet Med 2024
Safety and tolerability (extension primary endpoints), 6-minute walk test, symptom scores, muscle strength, echocardiography, and cardiolipin and monolysocardiolipin values
- Design
- Open-label extension of a randomised trial, no placebo group
- Population or model
- people with Barth syndrome
- Molecule
- SS-31 (elamipretide) exact
- n
- 10
Cited on SS-31
Human, randomisedNat Med 2024
Relative change in liver steatosis from baseline at 24 weeks (primary)
- Design
- Phase 2a substudy, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled
- Population or model
- participants with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease from the phase 2 trial NCT04881760
- Molecule
- retatrutide (LY3437943) exact
- n
- 98
Cited on Retatrutide
RodentRedox Biol 2024
Lung inflammation and fibrosis histology, macrophage oxidative stress and binding to peroxiredoxin 6
- Design
- Mouse silicosis model plus macrophage cell line
- Population or model
- mouse silicosis model; RAW264.7 macrophage cells
- Molecule
- GHK-Cu (copper(II) complex of Gly-His-Lys) exact
Cited on GHK-Cu
RodentEndocrine 2024
Blood glucose, serum biochemistry, renal inflammation and fibrosis markers, and intestinal butyrate
- Design
- Mouse comparison with liraglutide and tirzepatide
- Population or model
- db/db mice, 10 weeks
- Molecule
- retatrutide (LY3437943) exact
Cited on Retatrutide
Human, uncontrolledEur J Pharm Sci 2024
Excretion, circulating metabolites and metabolic pathways of radiolabelled tirzepatide in humans, rats and monkeys
- Design
- Radiolabel ([14C]) absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion study in healthy men, rats and cynomolgus monkeys
- Population or model
- healthy male participants; Sprague Dawley and Long Evans rats; cynomolgus monkeys
- Molecule
- Tirzepatide (LY3298176) exact
Cited on Tirzepatide
Human, uncontrolledAltern Ther Health Med 2024
Global Response Assessment questionnaire and reported adverse events
- Design
- Single arm pilot study, no control group
- Population or model
- women aged 39 to 76 with interstitial cystitis at a private clinic
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
- n
- 12
Cited on BPC-157
Analytical only (no biological model)Pharm Res 2024
Purity and impurity patterns, trace metals, residual solvents, content against label claim, release profiles, predicted MHC-II binding and fibrillation of follow-on products
- Design
- Comparative analytical study of marketed follow-on drug substances and drug products against the originators
- Population or model
- follow-on semaglutide and liraglutide samples and their originators
- Molecule
- semaglutide exact
Cited on Semaglutide
Analytical only (no biological model)Electrophoresis 2024
GHK-Cu content of liposomes measured through copper and phosphorus signals
- Design
- Analytical method study: capillary electrophoresis with ICP tandem mass spectrometry
- Population or model
- none (liposome formulation analysis)
- Molecule
- GHK-Cu (copper(II) complex of Gly-His-Lys) exact
Cited on GHK-Cu
Analytical only (no biological model)J Med Internet Res 2024
LC-MS content and purity, sterility and endotoxin of semaglutide vials bought online
- Design
- Market surveillance with test purchases and laboratory analysis of delivered vials
- Population or model
- Lyophilised semaglutide vials bought online, 3 delivered
- Molecule
- semaglutide exact
- n
- 3
Cited on The four questions a peptide CoA must answer, HPLC purity explained
RodentiScience 2024
Binding of MOTS-c and K14Q MOTS-c to CK2, CK2 activity and glucose uptake in mouse muscle
- Design
- Cell-free binding and kinase assays, mouse study, human genetic association
- Population or model
- cell-free systems; mice; human carriers of the K14Q variant
- Molecule
- MOTS-c (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) exact
Cited on MOTS-c
Analytical only (no biological model)Drug Test Anal 2023
Content of products sold online as TB500, TB1000 and SGF1000
- Design
- Analytical study of products bought online (short communication)
- Population or model
- none (product analysis)
- Molecule
- product sold as TB-500 (content not confirmed) related form
Cited on TB-500
Analytical only (no biological model)Electrophoresis 2023
Chiral capillary electrophoresis separation of four GHRH analogues, including sermorelin and CJC-1293, and its sensitivity
- Design
- Analytical method development
- Population or model
- spiked water and desalted urine
- Molecule
- Sermorelin, CJC-1293 and two other GHRH analogues exact
Cited on Sermorelin
Analytical only (no biological model)Pharm Res 2023
Identity, purity and content testing and value assignment for peptide reference standards
- Design
- Methods report with case studies on establishing peptide reference standards
- Population or model
- Synthetic peptide reference standards, with bivalirudin among the case studies
- Molecule
- synthetic peptide reference standards different molecule
Cited on The four questions a peptide CoA must answer, HPLC purity explained
RodentJ Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023
Semaglutide concentrations in rat plasma and brain regions by LC-MS/MS, plasma pharmacokinetics and brain tissue to plasma partition
- Design
- LC-MS/MS method development and validation, then a rat pharmacokinetic and brain distribution study
- Population or model
- Sprague-Dawley rats
- Molecule
- semaglutide exact
Cited on Semaglutide
Human, randomisedNeurology 2023
6-minute walk test and total fatigue on the Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy Symptom Assessment (primary endpoints), plus secondary symptom and global impression scores
- Design
- Phase 3 randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial
- Population or model
- people with genetically confirmed primary mitochondrial myopathy
- Molecule
- SS-31 (elamipretide) exact
- n
- 218
Cited on SS-31
Human, randomisedN Engl J Med 2023
The primary endpoint at 24 weeks as registered (NCT04881760), secondary endpoints at 48 weeks, adverse events and heart rate
- Design
- Phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled
- Population or model
- adults, registry NCT04881760
- Molecule
- retatrutide (LY3437943) exact
- n
- 338
Cited on Retatrutide
Human, randomisedLancet 2023
Change in HbA1c from baseline to 24 weeks (primary) and adverse events
- Design
- Phase 2, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and active comparator-controlled, parallel-group
- Population or model
- adults with HbA1c of 7.0 to 10.5 percent, 42 US centres
- Molecule
- retatrutide (LY3437943) exact
- n
- 281
Cited on Retatrutide
Analytical only (no biological model)Molecules 2023
Metabolites of 13C and 15N labelled BPC-157 in two incubation models, and a detection method for BPC-157 and five metabolites in urine
- Design
- Stable isotope labelling with UHPLC high resolution mass spectrometry; in vitro incubation models and a validated urine method
- Population or model
- none (chemistry and analytical)
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
Cited on BPC-157
Human, uncontrolledBiochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022
Muscle fibre type and leg strength by m.1382A>C genotype, and muscle myosin heavy chain expression in mice given a MOTS-c neutralising antibody
- Design
- Genetic association study in Japanese adults and athletes, with a mouse antibody experiment; MOTS-c was not given
- Population or model
- 211 healthy Japanese adults; 86 young men; 721 athletes and 873 controls; mice given a MOTS-c neutralising antibody
- Molecule
- Endogenous MOTS-c and the K14Q variant (genotype), not given related form
Cited on MOTS-c
In vitro or ex vivoNat Commun 2022
Near-atomic structures of tirzepatide bound to the GIP receptor and to the GLP-1 receptor
- Design
- Cryo-electron microscopy structures of receptor complexes
- Population or model
- GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor complexes
- Molecule
- Tirzepatide (LY3298176) exact
Cited on Tirzepatide
Analytical only (no biological model)J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022
Screening and confirmation of GHRH analogues and the sermorelin metabolite in urine, and their stability at different temperatures and pH
- Design
- Analytical method validation with sample stability tests
- Population or model
- urine
- Molecule
- Sermorelin/CJC-1293, sermorelin metabolite, CJC-1295 and tesamorelin exact
Cited on Sermorelin
Human, uncontrolledClin Pharmacokinet 2022
Plasma pharmacokinetics (AUC and Cmax) of tirzepatide by hepatic function group
- Design
- Phase 1, parallel group, open label pharmacokinetic study by hepatic function group
- Population or model
- adults with mild, moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A, B, C) and adults with normal hepatic function
- Molecule
- Tirzepatide (LY3298176) exact
- n
- 32
Cited on Tirzepatide
Analytical only (no biological model)Elife 2022
Membrane-bound conformation by NMR and molecular dynamics, binding to cardiolipin-containing membranes, membrane surface charge, and mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content in stressed cultured cells
- Design
- Structure and activity comparison of SS-31 and three tetrapeptide analogues (NMR, molecular dynamics, membrane binding, cell culture)
- Population or model
- membrane mimetics (bicelles) and mammalian cell culture
- Molecule
- SS-31 (elamipretide) exact
Cited on SS-31
In vitro or ex vivoCell Metab 2022
Activity at the glucagon, GIP and GLP-1 receptors in vitro, metabolic measures in mice, and safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics in a phase 1 study
- Design
- Receptor assays in vitro, mouse studies and a phase 1 study
- Population or model
- receptor assays in vitro, mice, and a phase 1 study
- Molecule
- retatrutide (LY3437943) exact
Cited on Retatrutide
Human, randomisedLancet 2022
Safety and tolerability (primary), pharmacokinetics and glycaemic measures
- Design
- Phase 1b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending cohorts, with a dulaglutide arm
- Population or model
- adults with HbA1c of 7.0 to 10.5 percent, four US centres
- Molecule
- retatrutide (LY3437943) exact
- n
- 72
Cited on Retatrutide
Human, randomisedAging (Albany NY) 2022
Circulating MOTS-c measured by competitive ELISA, with and without metformin
- Design
- Secondary analysis of a randomised trial of metformin added to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and trastuzumab; MOTS-c was measured, not given
- Population or model
- women with HER2-positive breast cancer
- Molecule
- Endogenous MOTS-c, measured in participants, not given related form
Cited on MOTS-c
RodentFront Pharmacol 2022
Plasma half-life, bioavailability, distribution, excretion routes and metabolites
- Design
- Pharmacokinetic, tissue distribution, excretion and metabolism study with tritium labelled peptide
- Population or model
- rats and beagle dogs
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
Cited on BPC-157
Human, randomisedInt J Mol Sci 2022
Closure of persistent epithelial defects at day 29 (registry primary outcome); comfort scores
- Design
- Randomised, placebo controlled, double masked, phase 3 (SEER-1)
- Population or model
- human randomised: adults with stage 2 or 3 neurotrophic keratopathy
- Molecule
- thymosin beta 4 (1 to 43) exact
- n
- 18
Cited on TB-500
Human, randomisedGenet Med 2021
6-minute walk test and the Barth Syndrome Symptom Assessment (primary endpoints), plus muscle strength, global impressions and cardiac parameters
- Design
- Randomised double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial followed by an open-label extension
- Population or model
- people with Barth syndrome
- Molecule
- SS-31 (elamipretide) exact
- n
- 12
Cited on SS-31
RodentAging (Albany NY) 2021
Disease prevalence by m.1382A>C genotype in three cohorts, glucose tolerance in mice given MOTS-c or K14Q MOTS-c, and insulin response measurements in cells
- Design
- Genetic association meta-analysis of three cohorts, mouse study and cell assays
- Population or model
- three Japanese cohorts (n = 27,527); male and female mice; cells
- Molecule
- MOTS-c (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) exact
Cited on MOTS-c
RodentNat Commun 2021
Physical performance in mice of three ages given MOTS-c, nuclear gene expression and MOTS-c in human muscle and blood after exercise
- Design
- Mouse study of three age groups, cell work and human exercise samples
- Population or model
- mice aged 2, 12 and 22 months; myoblasts; human skeletal muscle and plasma after exercise
- Molecule
- MOTS-c (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) exact
Cited on MOTS-c
Human, uncontrolledClin Pharmacokinet 2021
Plasma pharmacokinetics (AUC and Cmax) of tirzepatide by renal function group
- Design
- Phase 1, parallel group pharmacokinetic study by renal function group
- Population or model
- adults grouped by renal function, including end-stage renal disease, and adults with normal renal function
- Molecule
- Tirzepatide (LY3298176) exact
- n
- 45
Cited on Tirzepatide
In vitro or ex vivoCell Rep 2021
Structure and motions of the semaglutide-bound GLP-1 receptor and Gs protein complex (PDB 7KI0)
- Design
- Cryo-electron microscopy structures and 3D variability analysis
- Population or model
- Purified GLP-1 receptor and Gs protein complexes
- Molecule
- semaglutide exact
Cited on Semaglutide
RodentCell Rep 2021
Islet immune cell infiltration and T cell receptor and mTORC1 signalling in T cells
- Design
- Mouse model of autoimmune beta cell destruction, T cell transfer, ex vivo work on human T cells
- Population or model
- NOD mice; T cells from human donors
- Molecule
- MOTS-c (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) exact
PubMed 34320351DOIcorrection: 34525370
Cited on MOTS-c
Human, uncontrolledAltern Ther Health Med 2021
Patient-reported knee pain ratings collected by telephone
- Design
- Retrospective chart review with a telephone survey, no control group
- Population or model
- adults at one clinic in Orlando, Florida
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
- n
- 17
Cited on BPC-157
Human, randomisedJ Cell Mol Med 2021
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and anti drug antibodies
- Design
- Randomised, double blind, phase 1
- Population or model
- human randomised: healthy volunteers
- Molecule
- recombinant thymosin beta 4 (NL005) related form
- n
- 84
Cited on TB-500
Human, randomisedJ Appl Physiol (1985) 2021
Plasma and skeletal muscle MOTS-c in endurance, resistance and control groups
- Design
- Randomised exercise study (endurance, resistance or control); MOTS-c was measured, not given
- Population or model
- healthy adults, 10 per group
- Molecule
- Endogenous MOTS-c, measured in participants, not given related form
- n
- 30
Cited on MOTS-c
Analytical only (no biological model)Drug Test Anal 2021
In vitro metabolites of four GHRH analogues and their detection in urine by LC-MS/MS
- Design
- In vitro metabolism study and LC-MS/MS method validation
- Population or model
- fortified urine
- Molecule
- Sermorelin, tesamorelin, CJC-1295 and CJC-1295 with DAC exact
Cited on Sermorelin
Human, randomisedJ Card Fail 2020
Left ventricular end systolic volume and ejection fraction by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
- Design
- Phase 2 randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial with three arms
- Population or model
- adults with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- Molecule
- SS-31 (elamipretide) exact
- n
- 71
Cited on SS-31
RodentRegul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020
Toxicology endpoints: clinical pathology, histopathology, genotoxicity and embryo-fetal development
- Design
- Single and repeated exposure toxicity, local tolerance, genetic and embryo-fetal toxicity studies
- Population or model
- mice, rats, rabbits and dogs
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
Cited on BPC-157
In vitro or ex vivoProc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020
Protein interactors of SS-31 in mitochondria and the cross-linked residues, by chemical cross-linking mass spectrometry
- Design
- Chemical cross-linking with mass spectrometry in mitochondria
- Population or model
- mitochondria
- Molecule
- SS-31 (elamipretide) exact
Cited on SS-31
RodentCommun Biol 2020
Activity of mitochondrial complexes I, II and IV, 3D cristae ultrastructure by serial block face electron microscopy, cardiolipin concentration by mass spectrometry
- Design
- Rat cardiac ischemia reperfusion model with biophysical membrane experiments
- Population or model
- rats (cardiac ischemia reperfusion)
- Molecule
- SS-31 (elamipretide) exact
Cited on SS-31
In vitro or ex vivoJCI Insight 2020
Receptor occupancy, cAMP and beta-arrestin signalling and receptor internalisation at the GIP and GLP-1 receptors
- Design
- Receptor occupancy modelling, cell signalling and receptor internalisation assays, and experiments in primary islets
- Population or model
- recombinant cell lines and primary islets
- Molecule
- Tirzepatide (LY3298176) exact
Cited on Tirzepatide
In vitro or ex vivoSci Rep 2020
Aortic ring tone with and without endothelium, nitric oxide generation and Src, caveolin-1 and eNOS phosphorylation
- Design
- Isolated aortic ring tension recordings, nitric oxide imaging, phosphorylation and co-immunoprecipitation assays
- Population or model
- isolated rat aorta, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
Cited on BPC-157
Analytical only (no biological model)Drug Test Anal 2019
Identity of seized powders by LC-HRMS against reference standards
- Design
- LC-HRMS analysis of seized preparations against reference standards
- Population or model
- preparations seized by Danish customs
- Molecule
- Glycine-modified analogues of modified GRF 1-29 and other secretagogues different molecule
Cited on Sermorelin
Analytical only (no biological model)Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2019
LC/MS detection of MOTS-c, its metabolites and oxidation products in plasma, and comparison with ELISA levels in 20 healthy people
- Design
- Analytical method validation: liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, compared with a commercial ELISA
- Population or model
- none (plasma assay, in vitro metabolism and stability)
- Molecule
- MOTS-c (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) exact
Cited on MOTS-c
Human, uncontrolledFront Aging Neurosci 2019
Plasma and urine NAD+ and its metabolites over time
- Design
- Pilot study with a small control group
- Population or model
- healthy men aged 30 to 55
- Molecule
- NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact
- n
- 11
Cited on NAD+
Human, randomisedExpert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018
Plasma exposure (area under the concentration curve over 24 hours) and maximum concentration of semaglutide with and without omeprazole, and gastric pH
- Design
- Single-centre, randomised, open-label, parallel-group trial
- Population or model
- healthy adults
- Molecule
- semaglutide exact
- n
- 54
Cited on Semaglutide
In vitro or ex vivoCell Metab 2018
Movement of MOTS-c into the nucleus after metabolic stress, nuclear gene expression and interaction with NRF2
- Design
- Cell culture: subcellular localisation, gene expression and protein interaction
- Population or model
- cultured cells under glucose restriction and metabolic stress
- Molecule
- MOTS-c (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) exact
Cited on MOTS-c
Analytical only (no biological model)Anal Bioanal Chem 2018
Peptide mass fraction by mass balance, qNMR and amino acid analysis, including TFA counterion
- Design
- Value assignment of a candidate certified reference material by three methods
- Population or model
- Angiotensin II candidate certified reference material
- Molecule
- angiotensin II different molecule
Cited on The four questions a peptide CoA must answer, HPLC purity explained
Human, randomisedMol Metab 2018
Receptor binding and signalling in cell lines, studies in mice, and phase 1 safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics in people
- Design
- Discovery report: receptor binding and signalling assays in cell lines, studies in mice, and a phase 1 randomised, placebo controlled, double-blind study with single and multiple ascending cohorts
- Population or model
- cell lines, mice, healthy participants and a patient cohort (NCT02759107)
- Molecule
- Tirzepatide (LY3298176) exact
- n
- 142
PubMed 30473097DOIcomment exchange: PubMed CommentIn
Cited on Tirzepatide
RodentJ Mol Med 2017
Vessel density, hind limb blood flow and vessel counts, VEGFR2 expression and internalisation, and Akt and eNOS activation
- Design
- Chick chorioallantoic membrane and tube formation assays, rat hind limb ischaemia model, Western blot
- Population or model
- chick chorioallantoic membrane, human vascular endothelial cells and rat hind limb
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
Cited on BPC-157
Analytical only (no biological model)Drug Test Anal 2017
Identity of peptides in confiscated vials, stability in plasma and urine, and a validated urine detection method
- Design
- Validation study: solid phase extraction with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; plasma stability
- Population or model
- none (chemistry and analytical); peptides from confiscated vials
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
Cited on BPC-157
Human, uncontrolledClin Pharmacokinet 2017
Plasma exposure (area under the concentration curve) and maximum plasma concentration by renal function group, safety and tolerability
- Design
- Multicentre, non-randomised comparison of renal function groups
- Population or model
- adults grouped by renal function: normal, mild, moderate or severe impairment, and end-stage renal disease
- Molecule
- semaglutide exact
- n
- 56
Cited on Semaglutide
RodentMol Immunol 2017
Survival, bacterial load and cytokine levels in MRSA infected mice, and MAPK signalling in macrophages
- Design
- Mouse infection model and macrophage cell work
- Population or model
- mice infected with MRSA; macrophages
- Molecule
- MOTS-c (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) exact
Cited on MOTS-c
Human, randomisedEur Heart J 2016
Infarct size by CK-MB area under the curve over 72 h (primary endpoint), with MRI, angiographic, electrocardiographic and clinical outcomes
- Design
- Multicentre randomised double-blind placebo controlled phase 2a trial
- Population or model
- adults with first anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary PCI
- Molecule
- SS-31 (elamipretide) exact
Cited on SS-31
Analytical only (no biological model)Anal Bioanal Chem 2016
Detection of four GHRHs and their metabolites in plasma by immunoaffinity purification and LC-HRMS/MS, and their detection in rat plasma over time
- Design
- Analytical method validation with in vitro and in vivo metabolism tests
- Population or model
- human plasma; rats; one healthy male volunteer
- Molecule
- Sermorelin, CJC-1293, CJC-1295 and tesamorelin, with metabolites exact
Cited on Sermorelin
RodentInt Immunopharmacol 2016
Disease scores, AMPK and SIRT1 pathway activity and T helper cell responses
- Design
- Mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- Population or model
- C57BL/6 mice
- Molecule
- NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact
Cited on NAD+
Analytical only (no biological model)J Pharm Anal 2016
Detected impurities, resolution and peak identity by the two methods
- Design
- Analytical method comparison: UPLC-UV/MS against pharmacopoeia derived HPLC-UV
- Population or model
- Four peptide medicines (bleomycin sulfate, tyrothricin, vancomycin HCl, bacitracin)
- Molecule
- synthetic peptides (various) different molecule
- n
- 4
Cited on HPLC purity explained
Analytical only (no biological model)Biomed Chromatogr 2015
Separation of KPV from its stress degradation products on a C18 column with a TFA water and acetonitrile gradient; degradant identity by MS
- Design
- Analytical method development and validation (stability indicating HPLC)
- Population or model
- KPV in aqueous solution and skin homogenate
- Molecule
- KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) exact
Cited on HPLC purity explained
Human, randomisedCornea 2015
Adverse events (registry primary outcome); corneal fluorescein staining and a symptom questionnaire (registry secondary outcomes)
- Design
- Randomised, double masked, vehicle controlled, phase 2
- Population or model
- human randomised: adults with severe dry eye
- Molecule
- thymosin beta 4 (1 to 43) exact
- n
- 9
Cited on TB-500
RodentDrug Des Devel Ther 2015
Skin wound closure and histology in rats, and VEGF expression, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and tube formation in endothelial cells
- Design
- Rat alkali burn model with histology; HUVEC proliferation, migration and tube formation assays
- Population or model
- rats and human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
Cited on BPC-157
Analytical only (no biological model)J Pharm Anal 2015
Chromatographic purity by UV area normalisation (210 and 215 nm) against the certificate value; identity of main peaks and related impurities by LC-MS
- Design
- Analytical chemistry: in house UV chromatography purity check of supplied research peptides against their certificates, LC-MS identification of impurities
- Population or model
- 98 synthetic quorum sensing peptides from suppliers
- Molecule
- synthetic peptides (various) different molecule
- n
- 98
Cited on HPLC purity explained
In vitro or ex vivoBr J Pharmacol 2014
Binding to cardiolipin-containing membranes (fluorescence, turbidity, NMR), cytochrome c reduction and mitochondrial oxygen consumption
- Design
- Biophysical study in liposomes and bicelles, with assays in mitoplasts and isolated mitochondria
- Population or model
- liposomes, bicelles, mitoplasts, frozen and fresh mitochondria
- Molecule
- SS-31 (elamipretide) exact
Cited on SS-31
In vitro or ex vivoMolecules 2014
Growth hormone receptor mRNA and protein in tendon fibroblasts and JAK2 activation
- Design
- cDNA microarray, RT and real-time PCR, Western blot, MTT
- Population or model
- tendon fibroblasts from male Sprague-Dawley rat Achilles tendon
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
Cited on BPC-157
RodentJ Am Soc Nephrol 2013
Cardiolipin binding by a fluorescent SS-31 analogue, cytochrome c peroxidase activity, and cristae membranes and ATP in rat kidneys during ischemia and reperfusion
- Design
- Laboratory binding study with a fluorescent analogue, plus a rat renal ischemia model
- Population or model
- isolated cardiolipin systems and rats (renal ischemia)
- Molecule
- SS-31 (elamipretide) exact
Cited on SS-31
In vitro or ex vivoGenome Med 2012
Gene expression linked to emphysema severity, a Connectivity Map match, and TGF-beta related expression and collagen gel contraction in fibroblasts
- Design
- Gene expression profiling of lung tissue plus fibroblast cell assays
- Population or model
- lung tissue samples from smokers with COPD (64 samples from 8 lungs); human lung fibroblasts
- Molecule
- GHK (copper state not stated in the abstract) related form
Cited on GHK-Cu
Analytical only (no biological model)Drug Test Anal 2012
Identity of the peptide in a product sold as TB-500 by LC-HRMS (Orbitrap); synthesis of a reference standard
- Design
- Analytical chemistry: synthesis by solid phase peptide synthesis, identification in a commercial product
- Population or model
- none (chemistry and analytical)
- Molecule
- Ac-LKKTETQ (thymosin beta 4, 17 to 23) different molecule
Cited on TB-500
Other animalJ Chromatogr A 2012
Detection of N-acetylated LKKTETQ and its metabolites in equine urine and plasma by LC-MS
- Design
- Analytical method development with in vitro metabolite identification and equine samples collected after a TB-500 product was given
- Population or model
- horse (other animal); in vitro metabolism
- Molecule
- Ac-LKKTETQ (thymosin beta 4, 17 to 23) different molecule
Cited on TB-500
In vitro or ex vivoJ Appl Physiol 2011
Tendon fibroblast outgrowth, survival under oxidative stress, migration and FAK and paxillin phosphorylation
- Design
- Explant outgrowth, MTT, transwell migration and Western blot assays
- Population or model
- rat Achilles tendon explants and tendon fibroblasts
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
Cited on BPC-157
Analytical only (no biological model)Chemistry 2011
Solid state and solution structures of copper(II) GHK and its redox behaviour
- Design
- X-ray crystallography, EPR, X-ray absorption and NMR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry
- Population or model
- none (chemistry and analytical)
- Molecule
- GHK-Cu (copper(II) complex of Gly-His-Lys) exact
Cited on GHK-Cu
In vitro or ex vivoMol Pharmacol 2011
Intracellular NAD, oxygen consumption, ATP, DNA repair and apoptosis markers in cells exposed to extracellular NAD
- Design
- Cell culture study in cell lines and primary cultures
- Population or model
- cell lines and primary cultures
- Molecule
- NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact
Cited on NAD+
Human, randomisedAnn N Y Acad Sci 2010
Safety and tolerability (registry primary outcome); ulcer closure
- Design
- Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, sequential cohorts, phase 2
- Population or model
- human randomised: adults with venous stasis ulcers
- Molecule
- thymosin beta 4 (1 to 43) exact
- n
- 73
Cited on TB-500
Human, randomisedAnn N Y Acad Sci 2010
Adverse events and pharmacokinetic parameters
- Design
- Randomised, placebo controlled, single and multiple ascending cohorts, phase 1
- Population or model
- human randomised: healthy volunteers
- Molecule
- thymosin beta 4 (1 to 43) exact
- n
- 40
Cited on TB-500
Human, randomisedInt J Pediatr Endocrinol 2010
Amounts of the 22 and 20 kilodalton forms of growth hormone released, and their clearance
- Design
- Randomised study with a saline comparison
- Population or model
- adult men
- Molecule
- GHRH(1-29)NH2 exact
- n
- 40
Cited on Sermorelin
In vitro or ex vivoNeuropeptides 2009
Cell proliferation and VEGF and chromogranin A secretion
- Design
- Cell culture study
- Population or model
- human bronchial neuroendocrine tumour cell line NCI-H727
- Molecule
- GHRH(1-29)NH2 exact
Cited on Sermorelin
Human, randomisedArch Facial Plast Surg 2006
Erythema resolution by computer analysis and blinded evaluators, wrinkles and overall skin appearance, and a patient questionnaire
- Design
- Randomised study with blinded evaluators
- Population or model
- adults after CO2 laser resurfacing around the mouth
- Molecule
- GHK-Cu inside skin care products related form
- n
- 13
Cited on GHK-Cu
In vitro or ex vivoFASEB J 2003
Endothelial cell migration, adhesion and vessel sprouting for the full protein and for peptides containing or lacking the seven residue actin binding motif
- Design
- In vitro and ex vivo comparison of the full protein, proteolytic fragments and synthetic peptides
- Population or model
- human umbilical vein endothelial cells; chick aortic arch explants
- Molecule
- thymosin beta 4 (1 to 43) exact
Cited on TB-500
RodentVet Surg 2003
Wound area and TNF-alpha, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in wound biopsies
- Design
- Controlled animal study, three groups
- Population or model
- rat (Sprague-Dawley), ischemic open wound in a skin flap
- Molecule
- GHK-Cu (copper(II) complex of Gly-His-Lys) exact
- n
- 24
Cited on GHK-Cu
In vitro or ex vivoJ Cell Biochem 2001
Breakdown products and uptake of extracellular NAD
- Design
- Cell culture study with radiolabelled NAD
- Population or model
- human skin fibroblasts
- Molecule
- NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact
Cited on NAD+
RodentEndocrinology 1999
Pituitary GHRH receptor binding sites and mRNA, hypothalamic somatostatin and GHRH content, and serum IGF-I
- Design
- Rat study with saline controls
- Population or model
- male Sprague Dawley rats aged 2 and 18 months
- Molecule
- human GHRH-(1-29)NH2 exact
Cited on Sermorelin
RodentJ Invest Dermatol 1999
Re-epithelialisation, contraction, collagen deposition and vessel formation in rat skin wounds; keratinocyte migration (Boyden chamber)
- Design
- Animal study plus cell migration assay
- Population or model
- rat full thickness skin wound model; keratinocytes in vitro
- Molecule
- thymosin beta 4 (1 to 43) exact
Cited on TB-500
Human, uncontrolledBioDrugs 1999
Review of published studies; not counted
- Design
- Narrative drug review
- Molecule
- Sermorelin exact
Cited on Sermorelin
RodentJ Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1997
HPLC method for GHK and its metabolite HK in rat plasma, and their plasma levels over time
- Design
- Analytical method plus a rat pharmacokinetic study
- Population or model
- rat plasma
- Molecule
- GHK without copper related form
Cited on GHK-Cu
Human, uncontrolledClin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997
Height velocity, bone age, adverse events and blood tests
- Design
- Multicentre before and after study without a control group
- Population or model
- prepubertal children with growth hormone deficiency after radiation
- Molecule
- GHRH(1-29)-NH2 exact
- n
- 9
Cited on Sermorelin
In vitro or ex vivoLife Sci 1997
Cell injury after ethanol exposure with four PL-10 substances
- Design
- Ethanol cell injury model
- Population or model
- isolated rat gastric mucosal cells and a mouse myeloma cell line
- Molecule
- PL-10 substances (synthesised parts of BPC, 14 or 15 amino acids) related form
Cited on BPC-157
Human, randomisedWound Repair Regen 1994
Ulcer closure and ulcer infection incidence compared with vehicle
- Design
- Multicentre, randomised, evaluator-blinded, vehicle-controlled study
- Population or model
- adults with neuropathic plantar ulcers
- Molecule
- GHK-Cu (copper(II) complex of Gly-His-Lys) exact
Cited on GHK-Cu
RodentLife Sci 1994
Gastric and duodenal lesions in three rat lesion models, compared with reference compounds
- Design
- Three experimental lesion models with reference compounds
- Population or model
- rats
- Molecule
- BPC-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) exact
Cited on BPC-157
RodentJ Clin Invest 1993
Dry weight, protein, collagen, DNA, elastin and glycosaminoglycan content and collagen mRNA in wound chamber contents
- Design
- Controlled animal study with saline and a control tripeptide
- Population or model
- rat, implanted wound chamber model
- Molecule
- GHK-Cu (copper(II) complex of Gly-His-Lys) exact
Cited on GHK-Cu
In vitro or ex vivoMol Endocrinol 1992
GHRH binding and cyclic AMP production in cells expressing the cloned receptor, and where the receptor mRNA is found
- Design
- Receptor cloning and expression study
- Population or model
- rat pituitary mRNA; human kidney 293 cells expressing the human receptor
- Molecule
- human GHRH related form
Cited on Sermorelin
In vitro or ex vivoHorm Metab Res 1991
Breakdown rate and main breakdown products of GRF(1-29)-NH2 and analogues in plasma
- Design
- Plasma stability study with HPLC analysis of breakdown products
- Population or model
- porcine plasma at 37 degrees C
- Molecule
- GRF(1-29)-NH2 and substituted or cyclic GRF analogues exact
Cited on Sermorelin
In vitro or ex vivoFEBS Lett 1988
Collagen synthesis and cell number in fibroblast cultures exposed to GHK-Cu
- Design
- Cell culture study
- Population or model
- fibroblast cultures
- Molecule
- GHK-Cu (copper(II) complex of Gly-His-Lys) exact
Cited on GHK-Cu
In vitro or ex vivoBiochem Biophys Res Commun 1984
Growth hormone release from cultured rat pituitary cells by hGRF fragments, including hGRF(1-29)NH2, relative to full length hGRF
- Design
- Synthesis of C-terminally shortened analogues and a cell bioassay
- Population or model
- rat anterior pituitary cells in monolayer culture
- Molecule
- hGRF(1-29)NH2 among other C-terminal fragments exact
Cited on Sermorelin
Analytical only (no biological model)Science 1982
Isolation and amino acid sequence of the 44 residue hormone, and activity of its synthetic copy
- Design
- Isolation and sequence of a peptide from a tumour, with synthesis
- Population or model
- peptide extracted from a human pancreatic tumour
- Molecule
- GHRH(1-44)NH2, the parent hormone related form
Cited on Sermorelin
Analytical only (no biological model)Biochem J 1981
Copper(II) GHK species in solution and competition with albumin for copper(II)
- Design
- Potentiometric titration, visible absorption spectrophotometry and equilibrium dialysis
- Population or model
- none (chemistry and analytical)
- Molecule
- GHK-Cu (copper(II) complex of Gly-His-Lys) exact
Cited on GHK-Cu
Research-use information. This library summarises published literature and regulator records. It is not guidance for use, not medical advice, and not a statement that any material is suitable for use in people or animals.