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Peptency Academy · Compound

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, INN nadide) is a dinucleotide of adenine and nicotinamide with coenzyme activity in redox reactions. Source sentenceRecord description: Nadide is a dinucleotide of adenine and nicotinamide. It has coenzyme activity in redox reactions and also acts as a donor of ADP-ribose moieties. International Nonproprietary Names (INN): NADIDE1 PubChem CID 5892 It is a small molecule cofactor, not a peptide: PubChem describes it as ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. Source sentenceRecord description (MeSH): A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH).1 PubChem CID 58922 PubChem CID 58933 Peptency catalog chemistry record, NAD+ PubChem records it as nadide (CID 5892): formula C21H27N7O14P2, about 663.4 Da, CAS 53-84-9. Source sentenceTitle: Nadide; MolecularFormula: C21H27N7O14P2; MolecularWeight: 663.4; MonoisotopicMass: 663.10912256; InChIKey: BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N; CAS: 53-84-9; International Nonproprietary Names (INN): NADIDE1 PubChem CID 5892

Version 1Edited Evidence through 44 sources

Regulatory content shown for: United States and the Americas.

Small molecule cofactor, not a peptide

  • Catalog recordNAD+about 663.4 DaSource sentenceTitle: Nadide; MolecularFormula: C21H27N7O14P2; MolecularWeight: 663.4; MonoisotopicMass: 663.10912256; InChIKey: BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N; CAS: 53-84-9; International Nonproprietary Names (INN): NADIDE1 PubChem CID 5892

Known, not known, contested

Known

Not known

  • None of the 11 ClinicalTrials.gov records that name NAD+ itself had posted results on 14 Oct 2026, including two marked completed (NCT04604704, completed 23 Jan 2023, and NCT07336836, completed 4 Jun 2022). Source sentenceClinicalTrials.gov API v2, query.intr NAD+, countTotal 267 (14 Oct 2026). Intervention names for NAD+ itself: NAD+ (NCT06919328, NCT07475546, NCT04604704, NCT07692633), LathMized TM NAD+ (NCT07336836), NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) (NCT06382688), Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NCT07839130), Coenzyme I (NCT05849519, NCT06558253, NCT07328100, NCT06590844); hasResults false for all 11. NCT04604704 completion 2023-01-23 ACTUAL; NCT07336836 completion 2022-06-04 ACTUAL.15 ClinicalTrials.gov intervention search for NAD+, 14 October 202616 NCT0460470417 NCT07336836
  • One human pharmacokinetic study of NAD+ itself was found for this page in PubMed on 14 Oct 2026: a 2019 pilot in 11 healthy men, which a 2026 systematic review lists as contextual evidence because it had no clinical outcomes. Source sentenceEleven (Test n = 8, Control n = 3) male participants aged 30 to 55 years were recruited (full text, Materials and Methods). PMID 41655607: "pharmacokinetic pilot lacking eligible clinical outcomes was identified as contextual evidence only"11 Front Aging Neurosci 201918 Front Aging Neurosci 2019, full text (methods, funding, conflict of interest)19 Ageing Res Rev 202620 PubMed searches for human pharmacokinetic studies of NAD+, 14 October 2026
  • Which form reaches cells from outside them was stated as open in a 2011 cell study: "plasma membrane permeability to NAD and the mitochondrial origin of the dinucleotide still wait to be clearly defined". Source sentenceHowever, plasma membrane permeability to NAD and the mitochondrial origin of the dinucleotide still wait to be clearly defined.7 Mol Pharmacol 2011

Contested

  • Databases write NAD+ in two ways: PubChem gives C21H27N7O14P2 (663.4 Da, the neutral inner salt) under CID 5892 and C21H28N7O14P2+ (664.4 Da, the cation) under CID 5893, which carries the title Nadide (JAN/USAN/INN). Source sentenceTitle: Nadide; MolecularFormula: C21H27N7O14P2; MolecularWeight: 663.4; MonoisotopicMass: 663.10912256; InChIKey: BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N; CAS: 53-84-9; International Nonproprietary Names (INN): NADIDE | CID 5893: Title: Nadide (JAN/USAN/INN); MolecularFormula: C21H28N7O14P2+; MolecularWeight: 664.4; MonoisotopicMass: 664.11694759; Charge: 1; Synonyms include: NAD(+), NAD cation1 PubChem CID 58922 PubChem CID 5893

Chemistry: NAD+ as PubChem CID 5892 records it

Sequence
Not a peptide sequence
Formula
C21H27N7O14P2
Monoisotopic mass
663.1091 Da
Average mass
663.4 Da
CAS
53-84-9
PubChem CID
5892
InChIKey
BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N
Synonyms
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nadide, beta-NAD, coenzyme I, diphosphopyridine nucleotide
Salt form
No salt form stated in the record
Checked 14 October 2026 1 PubChem CID 5892

Chemistry: the cation form and other names

  • NAD+ as a cation, PubChem CID 5893: C21H28N7O14P2+, monoisotopic mass 664.1169 Da, average mass 664.4 Da, InChIKey BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-O. Source sentenceMolecularFormula: C21H28N7O14P2+; MonoisotopicMass: 664.11694759; MolecularWeight: 664.4; InChIKey: BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-O2 PubChem CID 5893
  • Older and official names for the same molecule include coenzyme I, diphosphopyridine nucleotide, beta-NAD and nadide. Source sentenceSynonyms: nadide, 53-84-9, coenzyme I, beta-NAD, Codehydrase I, Codehydrogenase I, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, diphosphopyridine nucleotide1 PubChem CID 5892

Which molecule does a certificate or label describe?

  • Read the formula and mass on the certificate of analysis. C21H27N7O14P2 (about 663.4 Da) or the cation C21H28N7O14P2+ (about 664.4 Da) fit NAD+ as PubChem writes it; C21H29N7O14P2 (about 665.4 Da) is NADH, the reduced form. Source sentenceTitle: Nadide; MolecularFormula: C21H27N7O14P2; MolecularWeight: 663.4; MonoisotopicMass: 663.10912256; InChIKey: BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N; CAS: 53-84-9; International Nonproprietary Names (INN): NADIDE | Title: Nadide (JAN/USAN/INN); MolecularFormula: C21H28N7O14P2+; MolecularWeight: 664.4; MonoisotopicMass: 664.11694759; Charge: 1; Synonyms include: NAD(+), NAD cation | CID 439153: Title: Nadh; MolecularFormula: C21H29N7O14P2; MolecularWeight: 665.4; MonoisotopicMass: 665.124772621 PubChem CID 58922 PubChem CID 589321 PubChem CID 439153
  • A label that names NMN, NR or nicotinamide describes a precursor, not NAD+: NMN is C11H15N2O8P (about 334.2 Da), NR is C11H15N2O5+ (about 255.3 Da) and nicotinamide is C6H6N2O (about 122.1 Da). Source sentenceCID 14180: Title: Nicotinamide Mononucleotide; MolecularFormula: C11H15N2O8P; MolecularWeight: 334.22 | CID 439924: Title: Nicotinamide Riboside; MolecularFormula: C11H15N2O5+; MolecularWeight: 255.25 | CID 936: Title: Nicotinamide; MolecularFormula: C6H6N2O; MolecularWeight: 122.1222 PubChem CID 1418023 PubChem CID 43992424 PubChem CID 936
  • Registry records named for NAD+ do not always describe NAD+: NCT06966583, titled "NAD+ Supplement (NMN)", lists an NMN product, and three company records for a supplement sold under an NAD+ name (NCT06505967, NCT06812416, NCT07132801) do not list its ingredients. Source sentenceNCT06966583 briefTitle: NAD+ Supplement (NMN) With Radioimmunotherapy in Advanced NSCLC. NCT06505967 and NCT06812416: intervention named Qualia NAD+ (dietary supplement), no ingredient listed. NCT07132801: Qualia NAD+ versions 1 to 3, no ingredient listed.25 NCT0696658326 NCT0650596727 NCT0681241628 NCT07132801
  • A 2013 paper, indexed in PubMed as a review, describes a targeted assay of NAD+ and related metabolites by HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry, because HPLC with UV-Vis detection does not offer the specificity and sensitivity needed for complex samples. Source sentenceHigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopic analysis of NAD(+) metabolites does not offer the specificity and sensitivity necessary for robust quantification of complex samples. Thus, we developed a targeted, quantitative assay of the NAD(+) metabolome with the use of HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry.29 Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2013

What is NAD+?

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a dinucleotide of adenine and nicotinamide with coenzyme activity in redox reactions, and it also acts as a donor of ADP-ribose groups. PubChem records it as nadide (CID 5892, CAS 53-84-9), and reviews describe it as a cofactor for sirtuins, CD38 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases. Source sentenceRecord description: Nadide is a dinucleotide of adenine and nicotinamide. It has coenzyme activity in redox reactions and also acts as a donor of ADP-ribose moieties. | PMID 33353981: "NAD+ is also an essential cofactor for non-redox NAD+-dependent enzymes, including sirtuins, CD38 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases."1 PubChem CID 58924 Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021

Is NAD+ a peptide?

No. NAD+ is a dinucleotide: ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. The Peptency catalog record marks it as a non-peptide, and this Academy files it with the small molecules and cofactors. Source sentenceRecord description (MeSH): A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). | catalog: sequence "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (non-peptide)", nonPeptide true1 PubChem CID 58923 Peptency catalog chemistry record, NAD+

What is the molecular weight of NAD+?

It depends on how the molecule is written. PubChem gives 663.4 Da for NAD+ as the neutral inner salt C21H27N7O14P2 (CID 5892) and 664.4 Da for the cation C21H28N7O14P2+ (CID 5893); NADH, the reduced form, is 665.4 Da (CID 439153). Source sentenceTitle: Nadide; MolecularFormula: C21H27N7O14P2; MolecularWeight: 663.4; MonoisotopicMass: 663.10912256; InChIKey: BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N; CAS: 53-84-9; International Nonproprietary Names (INN): NADIDE | Title: Nadide (JAN/USAN/INN); MolecularFormula: C21H28N7O14P2+; MolecularWeight: 664.4; MonoisotopicMass: 664.11694759; Charge: 1; Synonyms include: NAD(+), NAD cation | Title: Nadh; MolecularFormula: C21H29N7O14P2; MolecularWeight: 665.4; MonoisotopicMass: 665.124772621 PubChem CID 58922 PubChem CID 589321 PubChem CID 439153

Is NAD+ the same as NADH, NMN, NR or nicotinamide?

No. Each is a different molecule; a study that gives one of them is not a study of NAD+ itself. Source sentenceAbstract: nicotinamide (Nam), nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), named as the three NAD+ precursors.30 Nat Metab 202621 PubChem CID 439153 NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, a different molecule. Source sentenceRecord description (MeSH): A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH).1 PubChem CID 589221 PubChem CID 439153 NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) is a precursor of NAD+, a different molecule. Source sentenceAbstract: nicotinamide (Nam), nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), named as the three NAD+ precursors.30 Nat Metab 202622 PubChem CID 14180 NR (nicotinamide riboside) is a precursor of NAD+, a different molecule. Source sentenceAbstract: nicotinamide (Nam), nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), named as the three NAD+ precursors.30 Nat Metab 202623 PubChem CID 439924 Nicotinamide (Nam) is a precursor of NAD+ and part of its structure, a different molecule. Source sentenceAbstract: nicotinamide (Nam), nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), named as the three NAD+ precursors. PubChem MeSH description of NAD: ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate.30 Nat Metab 20261 PubChem CID 5892

What has research studied about NAD+ itself?

Studies of NAD+ itself cover analytical methods and stability, cell cultures, mouse models, a 2019 human pharmacokinetic pilot in 11 men and two randomised trials from China published in 2026: one in heart failure due to ischaemic cardiomyopathy (180 adults), one in sudden sensorineural hearing loss (38 patients). Source sentenceReviewed studies of NAD+ itself: PMID 40468472, 21917911, 11135366, 27500459, 42380286, 31572171 (Eleven, Test n = 8, Control n = 3, male participants), 40954388 ("enrolled 180 adults diagnosed with ICM"), 41035311 ("The study with 38 participants").5 PubMed search for NAD+ in titles, 14 October 202611 Front Aging Neurosci 201912 Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 202613 Laryngoscope 2026 In a PubMed search of randomised trials with NAD+ in the title on 14 Oct 2026, 2 of 30 records (PMID 40954388 and 41035311) tested NAD+ itself. Source sentencePubMed esearch (title terms) AND randomized controlled trial[pt]: count 30 (14 Oct 2026); NAD+ itself in PMID 40954388 and 41035311.14 PubMed search for randomised trials with NAD+ in the title, 14 October 202612 Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 202613 Laryngoscope 2026

Are there clinical trials of NAD+?

Yes, a few. Of 267 ClinicalTrials.gov records returned for an intervention search for NAD+ on 14 Oct 2026, 11 name NAD+ itself (as NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or coenzyme I), and none has posted results. Source sentenceClinicalTrials.gov API v2, query.intr NAD+, countTotal 267 (14 Oct 2026). Intervention names for NAD+ itself: NAD+ (NCT06919328, NCT07475546, NCT04604704, NCT07692633), LathMized TM NAD+ (NCT07336836), NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) (NCT06382688), Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NCT07839130), Coenzyme I (NCT05849519, NCT06558253, NCT07328100, NCT06590844); hasResults false for all 11.15 ClinicalTrials.gov intervention search for NAD+, 14 October 2026 The largest is a planned phase 2 trial in China (NCT07839130, 180 children, not yet recruiting). Source sentencephase PHASE2, enrollment 180 ESTIMATED, overallStatus NOT_YET_RECRUITING, sponsor Beijing Children's Hospital31 NCT07839130

Is NAD+ an FDA approved drug?

US

No. No FDA approved drug with nadide or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as an active ingredient was found in openFDA Drugs@FDA on 14 Oct 2026. FDA's 503A compounding list, updated 14 May 2026, places Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) in Category 1, bulk drug substances under evaluation, which is not an approval. Source sentenceopenFDA drugsfda: products.active_ingredients.name "NADIDE" and "NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE": NOT_FOUND, No matches found (14 Oct 2026). FDA 503A list (updated May 14, 2026): "503A Category 1 Bulk Drug Substances Under Evaluation": "Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)".32 openFDA Drugs@FDA query for nadide, 14 October 202633 FDA, 503A bulk drug substance categories, updated 14 May 2026 (archived copy of 1 Oct 2026)

Evidence map: NAD+ itself

Primary studies of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), by model and by what was measured. Reviews are not counted. An empty cell means: not mapped yet.
ModelChemistry and analyticalPharmacokineticsReceptor binding and signallingTissue histologyBiomarkersClinical endpoint
Analytical only (no biological model)Chemistry and analytical1Not mapped yetNot mapped yetNot mapped yetNot mapped yetNot mapped yet
In vitro or ex vivoNot mapped yetNot mapped yetNot mapped yetNot mapped yetBiomarkers2Not mapped yet
RodentNot mapped yetNot mapped yetReceptor binding and signalling1Tissue histology2Biomarkers2Not mapped yet
Other animalNot mapped yetNot mapped yetNot mapped yetNot mapped yetNot mapped yetNot mapped yetNot mapped yet
Human, uncontrolledNot mapped yetPharmacokinetics1Not mapped yetNot mapped yetNot mapped yetNot mapped yet
Human, randomisedNot mapped yetNot mapped yetNot mapped yetNot mapped yetBiomarkers1Clinical endpoint2

8 studies countedEvidence level facet: L4. A design scale, not a measure of strength or quality.

Counts only the studies of NAD+ itself reviewed for this page on 14 October 2026, out of 10,843 PubMed records with NAD+ or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the title. Empty cells are not mapped yet. Studies that give precursors (NR, NMN, nicotinamide) or NADH are different molecules and are not counted; reviews are never counted.

Human studies of NAD+ itself

  • A 2019 pilot measured NAD+ and its metabolites in the plasma and urine of healthy men, 8 in the test group and 3 controls. Source sentenceThis study, therefore, documented changes in plasma and urine levels of NAD+ and its metabolites. Full text: Eleven (Test n = 8, Control n = 3) male participants11 Front Aging Neurosci 201918 Front Aging Neurosci 2019, full text (methods, funding, conflict of interest)
  • A single centre randomised placebo-controlled trial in China, published in 2026, enrolled 180 adults with heart failure due to ischaemic cardiomyopathy; its primary endpoint was the change in left ventricular ejection fraction at 1 month (registry ChiCTR2200059169). Source sentenceThis single-center, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial enrolled 180 adults diagnosed with ICM ... The primary endpoint was the Change in LVEF at 1 month. ... Chinese Clinical Trial Registry identifier number ChiCTR2200059169.12 Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2026
  • A randomised double-blind controlled trial in China, published in 2026, included 38 patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss; its primary outcomes were hearing threshold change (pure tone average), recovery rate and recovery time. Source sentenceThere was a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial conducted between June 2022 and June 2024. The primary outcomes were PTA improvement, recovery rate per Siegel's criteria, and average recovery time. The study with 38 participants13 Laryngoscope 2026

Who produced this evidence

  • The 2019 pilot was funded jointly by NAD+ Research Inc. and the Australasian Research Institute; one author was a director of NAD+ Research Inc. and another received consulting fees from it. Source sentenceThis study was funded jointly by the NAD+ Research Inc., (LA, USA) and the Australasian Research Institute Incorporation (Sydney, Australia). Conflict of Interest Statement: RM is a director of NAD+ Research Inc. ... SB received consulting fees from NAD+ Research Inc.18 Front Aging Neurosci 2019, full text (methods, funding, conflict of interest)11 Front Aging Neurosci 2019
  • The author of the 2026 systematic review owns a management services organisation that serves an aesthetics clinic, which the review states does not offer NAD+ products. Source sentenceAt the time of this work, Cory Gallagher is an owner of a management services organization that provides administrative services to an aesthetics clinic (Allure Aesthetics), which does not offer NAD+ infusions or NAD+ supplementation.19 Ageing Res Rev 2026
  • The 2021 review cited here for NAD+ biology declares that its senior author is a scientific co-founder of Napa Therapeutics, which also supports three of its authors. Source sentenceE.V. is a scientific co-founder of Napa Therapeutics and serves on the scientific advisory board of Seneque. E.V., A.J.C. and R.P. receive research support from Napa Therapeutics.4 Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021
  • The two randomised trials of NAD+ itself come from hospital groups in Hefei and Guangzhou, China, and their authors declare no conflicts of interest. Source sentencePMID 40954388 affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei; "declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest". PMID 41035311 affiliation: Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; "The authors declare no conflicts of interest."12 Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 202613 Laryngoscope 2026
  • The registered studies in the trials table are sponsored by companies in the United States and Canada (AgelessRx, BioNADrx Holdings, Reus Research) and by hospitals in China (Beijing Children's Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Anhui Provincial Hospital). Source sentenceLead sponsors: NCT04604704 AgelessRx (INDUSTRY); NCT07336836 BioNADrx Holdings, Inc. Bryleos (INDUSTRY); NCT07692633 Reus Research (INDUSTRY), Canada; NCT07839130 Beijing Children's Hospital; NCT05849519 Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; NCT06558253 Anhui Provincial Hospital.16 NCT0460470417 NCT0733683634 NCT0769263331 NCT0783913035 NCT0584951936 NCT06558253

Studies

  1. Analytical only (no biological model)ACS Synth Biol 2025

    Activity half-life of free and tethered NAD+ at 37 and 100 degrees C

    Design
    Stability study of free and silica nanoparticle tethered NAD+ in solution
    Population or model
    none (chemistry and analytical)
    Molecule
    NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact

    PubMed 40468472DOI

  2. In vitro or ex vivoMol Pharmacol 2011

    Intracellular NAD, oxygen consumption, ATP, DNA repair and apoptosis markers in cells exposed to extracellular NAD

    Design
    Cell culture study in cell lines and primary cultures
    Population or model
    cell lines and primary cultures
    Molecule
    NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact

    PubMed 21917911DOI

  3. In vitro or ex vivoJ Cell Biochem 2001

    Breakdown products and uptake of extracellular NAD

    Design
    Cell culture study with radiolabelled NAD
    Population or model
    human skin fibroblasts
    Molecule
    NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact

    PubMed 11135366DOI

  4. RodentInt Immunopharmacol 2016

    Disease scores, AMPK and SIRT1 pathway activity and T helper cell responses

    Design
    Mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    Population or model
    C57BL/6 mice
    Molecule
    NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact

    PubMed 27500459DOI

  5. RodentExp Mol Med 2026

    Olfactory stem cell differentiation markers and olfactory tissue gene expression

    Design
    Cell culture and mouse model study
    Population or model
    mice with chemically induced anosmia, plus cultured human olfactory stem cells
    Molecule
    NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact
    Funding
    National Research Foundation of Korea

    Authors declare no conflicts of interest.

    PubMed 42380286DOI

  6. Human, uncontrolledFront Aging Neurosci 2019

    Plasma and urine NAD+ and its metabolites over time

    Design
    Pilot study with a small control group
    Population or model
    healthy men aged 30 to 55
    Molecule
    NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact
    n
    11
    Comparator
    control group (3 participants)
    Funding
    NAD+ Research Inc. and Australasian Research Institute (joint)

    One author was a director of NAD+ Research Inc., a co-funder; another received consulting fees from it (full text, conflict of interest statement).

    PubMed 31572171DOI

  7. Human, randomisedAm J Cardiovasc Drugs 2026

    Change in left ventricular ejection fraction at 1 month (primary endpoint), NT-proBNP and clinical events

    Design
    Single centre randomised placebo-controlled trial
    Population or model
    adults with heart failure due to ischaemic cardiomyopathy
    Molecule
    NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact
    n
    180
    Comparator
    placebo
    Funding
    China Heart House, Chinese Cardiovascular Association HX fund
    Registration
    ChiCTR2200059169

    Authors declare no conflicts of interest.

    PubMed 40954388DOI

  8. Human, randomisedLaryngoscope 2026

    Hearing threshold change (pure tone average), recovery rate and recovery time

    Design
    Randomised double-blind controlled trial
    Population or model
    patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss
    Molecule
    NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) exact
    n
    38
    Comparator
    control group
    Blinding
    double-blind

    Authors declare no conflicts of interest.

    PubMed 41035311DOI

  9. Human, randomisedGeroscience 2024

    Safety and change in a cognition score (MoCA, primary outcome); blood NAD+ as a secondary outcome

    Design
    Randomised placebo-controlled pilot
    Population or model
    older adults with mild cognitive impairment
    Molecule
    nicotinamide riboside (NR), an NAD+ precursor different molecule
    n
    20
    Comparator
    placebo
    Funding
    US National Institutes of Health; US Department of Veterans Affairs

    The NR supplier provided NR and placebo; one co-author advises that company and owns its stock (PubMed conflict of interest statement).

    PubMed 37994989DOI

  10. Human, randomisedNat Metab 2026

    Blood NAD+ and its metabolites, and gut microbial metabolism ex vivo

    Design
    Randomised open-label placebo-controlled study of three precursors
    Population or model
    healthy adults
    Molecule
    NR, NMN and nicotinamide (NAD+ precursors) different molecule
    n
    65
    Comparator
    placebo
    Blinding
    open-label

    Most authors are employees of Nestle Research or Nestle Health Science (PubMed conflict of interest statement).

    PubMed 41540253DOI

Mechanisms and chemistry studied

  • Besides redox reactions, NAD+ is a cofactor for enzymes that are not redox enzymes, including sirtuins, CD38 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). Source sentenceNAD+ is also an essential cofactor for non-redox NAD+-dependent enzymes, including sirtuins, CD38 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases.4 Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021
  • A 2011 study measured intracellular NAD, mitochondrial oxygen consumption, ATP production, DNA repair and apoptosis markers in cell lines and primary cultures exposed to extracellular NAD. Source sentenceMeasures named in the abstract: intracellular NAD contents; NAD and NADH in mitochondria; oxygen consumption; ATP production; DNA repair; apoptosis triggered by staurosporine, C2-ceramide or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine; in cell lines or primary cultures exposed to exogenous NAD (eNAD).7 Mol Pharmacol 2011
  • A 2001 study traced the breakdown products and the uptake of radiolabelled extracellular NAD in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Source sentenceTo clarify the fate of the purine moiety of exogenous NAD, we investigated uptake of the products of NAD hydrolysis using U-[(14)C]-adenine-NAD.8 J Cell Biochem 2001
  • A 2016 mouse study of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis measured AMPK and SIRT1 pathway activity and T helper cell responses in animals given NAD+. Source sentenceMeasures named in the abstract: severity of EAE in C57BL/6 mice, pathology, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and SIRT1 pathway, and Th1/Th17 immune responses, in NAD(+)-treated and control mice.9 Int Immunopharmacol 2016
  • A 2026 study measured neuronal differentiation markers in cultured human olfactory stem cells exposed to NAD, and gene expression in the olfactory tissue of mice with chemically induced loss of smell. Source sentenceCultured human olfactory stem cells (hOSCs) were treated with NAD and assessed by immunofluorescence staining, PCR, and western blot analyses. In vivo, mice with ZnSO4-induced anosmia were treated with i.n. NAD10 Exp Mol Med 2026
  • A 2025 stability study measured the activity half-life of free NAD+ and of NAD+ tethered to silica nanoparticles, stored in solution at 37 °C and at 100 °C. Source sentenceMeasures named in the abstract: half-life of SiNP-tethered NAD+ and of free NAD+ when stored in solution at 37 °C, and when stored at 100 °C.6 ACS Synth Biol 2025

Status matrix

United States: FDA records

US

  • The FDA records below concern bulk drug substances nominated for use in pharmacy compounding under section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Source sentenceBulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act33 FDA, 503A bulk drug substance categories, updated 14 May 2026 (archived copy of 1 Oct 2026)
  • FDA's 503A categories list, updated 14 May 2026, places Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) in Category 1, bulk drug substances under evaluation. Category 1 is not approval and not a listing on the 503A bulks list. Source sentenceUpdated May 14, 2026. 503A Category 1 Bulk Drug Substances Under Evaluation: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)33 FDA, 503A bulk drug substance categories, updated 14 May 2026 (archived copy of 1 Oct 2026)
  • The same list places Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Disodium Reduced (NADH), a different molecule, in Category 1, and a salt form, Beta-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Disodium Salt Trihydrate, in Category 3, bulk drug substances nominated without adequate support. Source sentenceCategory 1: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Disodium Reduced (NADH). 503A Category 3 Bulk Drug Substances Nominated Without Adequate Support: Beta-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Disodium Salt Trihydrate33 FDA, 503A bulk drug substance categories, updated 14 May 2026 (archived copy of 1 Oct 2026)
  • No FDA approved drug with nadide or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as an active ingredient was found in openFDA Drugs@FDA on 14 Oct 2026. Source sentenceproducts.active_ingredients.name "NADIDE", openfda.generic_name "NADIDE", products.active_ingredients.name "NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE": error NOT_FOUND, "No matches found!"32 openFDA Drugs@FDA query for nadide, 14 October 2026
  • FDA's substance registry (GSRS, UNII 0U46U6E8UK) records the substance as NADIDE with CAS 53-84-9 and lists NAD and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide among its names. Source sentence_name: NADIDE; UNII 0U46U6E8UK; CAS 53-84-9; names include NAD, NADIDE, NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE, COENZYME I, DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE39 FDA Global Substance Registration System, UNII 0U46U6E8UK

Sport anti-doping list

International

  • The WADA 2026 Prohibited List does not name NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or nadide (text search of the list on 14 Oct 2026). Source sentenceText search of the 2026 List for nicotinamide, NAD, NAD+, dinucleotide and nadide: no match.38 WADA Prohibited List 2026

Registered trials of NAD+ itself

  • NCT07839130Phase 2

    Status
    Not yet recruiting (estimated start 1 Oct 2026, estimated primary completion 1 Apr 2028)
    Sponsor
    Beijing Children's Hospital
    Site countries
    China (global context)
    Primary endpoint
    change in left ventricular ejection fraction at 4 weeks
    Primary endpoint met
    not reported
    Last synced
    14 October 2026

  • NCT05849519Early phase 1

    Status
    Unknown status (last update 9 May 2023, estimated primary completion 16 Feb 2024)
    Sponsor
    Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
    Site countries
    China (global context)
    Primary endpoint
    pure tone average hearing threshold
    Primary endpoint met
    not reported
    Last synced
    14 October 2026

  • NCT06558253Phase 1

    Status
    Recruiting (start 29 Nov 2024, estimated primary completion 1 Apr 2026)
    Sponsor
    Anhui Provincial Hospital
    Site countries
    China (global context)
    Primary endpoint
    adverse events
    Primary endpoint met
    not reported
    Last synced
    14 October 2026

  • NCT04604704Phase 2

    Status
    Completed (23 Jan 2023), no results posted
    Sponsor
    AgelessRx
    Site countries
    US
    Primary endpoint
    fatigue score
    Primary endpoint met
    not reported
    Last synced
    14 October 2026

  • NCT07336836Early phase 1

    Status
    Completed (4 Jun 2022), first posted 13 Jan 2026, no results posted
    Sponsor
    BioNADrx Holdings, Inc.
    Site countries
    US
    Primary endpoint
    blood NAD+ concentrations (pharmacokinetics)
    Primary endpoint met
    not reported
    Last synced
    14 October 2026

  • NCT07692633Not applicable

    Status
    Not yet recruiting (estimated start August 2026, estimated primary completion March 2027)
    Sponsor
    Reus Research
    Site countries
    Canada
    Primary endpoint
    whole blood NAD+ levels at day 56
    Primary endpoint met
    not reported
    Last synced
    14 October 2026
  • Primary outcomes as registered: NCT07839130, change in left ventricular ejection fraction from baseline to 4 weeks; NCT05849519, pure tone average; NCT06558253, adverse events; NCT04604704, fatigue; NCT07336836, blood NAD+ concentrations; NCT07692633, change in whole blood NAD+ levels from baseline to day 56. Source sentenceprimaryOutcomes.measure: NCT07839130 "Change in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) from Baseline to 4 Weeks"; NCT05849519 "Pure Tone Average(PTA)"; NCT06558253 "Adverse Event(AE)"; NCT04604704 a fatigue measure in post-COVID-19 syndrome; NCT07336836 "Pharmacokinetics-NAD+ concentrations"; NCT07692633 "Change in NAD+ levels in whole blood from baseline to day 56 between the NAD+ supplement and placebo."31 NCT0783913035 NCT0584951936 NCT0655825316 NCT0460470417 NCT0733683634 NCT07692633
  • Records the weekly intake matched to NAD+ in week 42 of 2026 did not test NAD+ itself: of 8 records that reached completed or terminated status, 3 test a supplement sold under an NAD+ name whose ingredients are not listed, 2 test NR, 2 test products containing nicotinamide and 1 tests hearing devices. No evidence map, status or trial cell on this page changed. Source sentenceNCT07132801, NCT06505967, NCT06812416: Qualia NAD+ (DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT), COMPLETED. NCT05561738: Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride, TERMINATED; NCT07284225: Nicotinamide Riboside (NR), COMPLETED. NCT07428889: proprietary supplement of "nicotinamide metabolites and plant extracts", COMPLETED; NCT07861243: citicoline + nicotinamide + PQQ + homotaurine fixed combination, COMPLETED. NCT04661995: Hearing Aid and Notched Noise Therapy, COMPLETED.28 NCT0713280126 NCT0650596727 NCT0681241640 NCT0556173841 NCT0728422542 NCT0742888943 NCT0786124344 NCT04661995

Timeline

  1. Breakdown of extracellular NAD measured in human skin fibroblasts Source sentenceMetabolic fate of extracellular NAD in human skin fibroblasts. (J Cell Biochem 2001)8 J Cell Biochem 2001
  2. Intracellular NAD and mitochondrial measures studied in cells exposed to extracellular NAD Source sentenceMol Pharmacol 2011, epub 14 Sep 20117 Mol Pharmacol 2011
  3. Human pilot measures plasma and urine NAD+ metabolites (11 participants) Source sentenceFront Aging Neurosci 2019, epub 12 Sep 201911 Front Aging Neurosci 2019
  4. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of NAD+ in heart failure published (180 adults, China) Source sentenceAm J Cardiovasc Drugs 2026 Jan12 Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2026
  5. Randomised trial of NAD+ in sudden sensorineural hearing loss published (38 patients, China) Source sentenceLaryngoscope 2026 Mar13 Laryngoscope 2026
  6. Phase 2 trial of NAD+ in children registered in China, not yet recruiting Source sentencestudyFirstPostDate 2026-09-24; phase PHASE2; overallStatus NOT_YET_RECRUITING31 NCT07839130

Integrity notes

  • PubMed CommentsCorrections and Crossref update records were checked on 14 Oct 2026 for the studies and reviews on this page: no retraction, correction or expression of concern was found. Source sentenceefetch CommentsCorrections: none of type ErratumIn, RetractionIn, ExpressionOfConcernIn for the 13 PMIDs; Crossref works: no update-to or updated-by records.5 PubMed search for NAD+ in titles, 14 October 2026
  • NCT07336836 was first posted on ClinicalTrials.gov on 13 Jan 2026, after its stated completion on 4 Jun 2022. Source sentencestudyFirstPostDate 2026-01-13; completionDate 2022-06-04 ACTUAL17 NCT07336836
  • NCT05849519 shows an unknown status: its record was last updated on 9 May 2023 and its estimated primary completion date, 16 Feb 2024, has passed. Source sentenceoverallStatus UNKNOWN; lastUpdatePostDate 2023-05-09; primaryCompletionDate 2024-02-16 ESTIMATED35 NCT05849519

Chemistry and records

NAD+: sequence, mass, CAS and regulatory record in the research library →

Sources

  1. 1PubChem CID 5892 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  2. 2PubChem CID 5893 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  3. 3Peptency catalog chemistry record, NAD+ accessed 14 Oct 2026
  4. 4Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  5. 5PubMed search for NAD+ in titles, 14 October 2026 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  6. 6ACS Synth Biol 2025 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  7. 7Mol Pharmacol 2011 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  8. 8J Cell Biochem 2001 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  9. 9Int Immunopharmacol 2016 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  10. 10Exp Mol Med 2026 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  11. 11Front Aging Neurosci 2019 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  12. 12Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2026 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  13. 13Laryngoscope 2026 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  14. 14PubMed search for randomised trials with NAD+ in the title, 14 October 2026 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  15. 15ClinicalTrials.gov intervention search for NAD+, 14 October 2026 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  16. 16NCT04604704 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  17. 17NCT07336836 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  18. 18Front Aging Neurosci 2019, full text (methods, funding, conflict of interest) accessed 14 Oct 2026
  19. 19Ageing Res Rev 2026 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  20. 20PubMed searches for human pharmacokinetic studies of NAD+, 14 October 2026 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  21. 21PubChem CID 439153 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  22. 22PubChem CID 14180 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  23. 23PubChem CID 439924 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  24. 24PubChem CID 936 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  25. 25NCT06966583 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  26. 26NCT06505967 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  27. 27NCT06812416 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  28. 28NCT07132801 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  29. 29Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2013 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  30. 30Nat Metab 2026 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  31. 31NCT07839130 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  32. 32openFDA Drugs@FDA query for nadide, 14 October 2026 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  33. 33FDA, 503A bulk drug substance categories, updated 14 May 2026 (archived copy of 1 Oct 2026) accessed 14 Oct 2026
  34. 34NCT07692633 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  35. 35NCT05849519 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  36. 36NCT06558253 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  37. 37Geroscience 2024 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  38. 38WADA Prohibited List 2026 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  39. 39FDA Global Substance Registration System, UNII 0U46U6E8UK accessed 14 Oct 2026
  40. 40NCT05561738 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  41. 41NCT07284225 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  42. 42NCT07428889 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  43. 43NCT07861243 accessed 14 Oct 2026
  44. 44NCT04661995 accessed 14 Oct 2026

About this page

Research-use information. This library summarises published literature and regulator records. It is not guidance for use, not medical advice, and not a statement that any material is suitable for use in people or animals.

Reviewed by the Peptency editorial process. Version 1, last edited 14 October 2026, 44 sources.

Cite this page: Peptency Academy. NAD+: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, chemistry, studies and status. Version 1./us/academy/compounds/nad-plus/